Carbon diet: Difference between revisions

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def: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaintop_removal Mountain Top Removal]
def: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaintop_removal Mountain Top Removal]


February 2006
2006-February


I don't approve of people destroying Appalachia so we can heat our houses with electricity from coal-fired power plants. So I am putting myself on a low carbon diet.
I don't approve of people destroying Appalachia so we can heat our houses with electricity from coal-fired power plants. So I am putting myself on a low carbon diet.
2013-June-01
It's been about 1 year now since I had a 3kW solar array put on my roof. Thanks Jahmez at http://AbundantSolar.com/ , highest recommendations. Total cost to after all incentives program is -$50. That's right, I will come out ahead... go solar. Oh and I don't use any power off the grid now in the short sunny Oregon summer. Can it get better? Yes, I am moving back to California where it's possible to grow food.
== Carbon saving tools ==
Article about [[PowerTop]] from Linux World : Linux tool points out power-wasting applications
http://www.linuxworld.com/news/2007/072707-linux-power-wasting.html?nlhtos=080307linuxalert1&


==Conservation begins with data collection==
==Conservation begins with data collection==
Line 17: Line 26:


I can install a data logger and current taps at the main breaker panel
I can install a data logger and current taps at the main breaker panel
to get readings on the whole house.  
to get readings on the whole house. See [[Power measurement]] page.
 
===Current taps===
 
I happen to have a couple split-core current sensors left over from my halcyon days at Coactive Networks. They are [http://www.magnelab.com/ Magnelab] Model [[Image:sct-0750.pdf]]-100 and they say "100A to .333v Full Range". I bet that means that when 100 amps runs through the cable, it puts out 1/3 volt DC.
 
From the datasheet, it puts out .066 volts at 20% or 20A in this case.
 
This is good for whole house. You put one around each cable coming into the breaker panel. 100A is a bit much for other applications though. I would like something in the 15 amp range (one circuit breaker)
 
You can buy direct from the factory; they are $46 each.
If you don't need the split core feature you can get sensors in the $30 range.
 
====Other sources====
 
[http://www.crmagnetics.com/ CR Magnetics]
 
[http://www.digikey.com/ Digikey] Search catalog for Current Transducer or Current Sensor
 
===AC Line Voltage===
 
===Data loggers===
 
What do I connect my sensors to? A logger records information which can later be transferred to a desktop computer typically via serial port for analysis.
Using a logger to buffer data means you don't have to have your computer turned on all the time to log data in real-time. You can leave it plugged in all the time, and just grab data when the computer is powered on.
 
{| border=1
|-
| [http://www.onsetcomp.com/ Onset] || Hobo
| < $100
| sells matched sensors including split core transformers
|-
| [http://www.pace-sci.com/ Pace Scientific] || Pocket Logger
| $499
| expensive but full range of accessories
|}
 
====Remote locations====
 
This won't work if your sensors are located up the street in another building.
How can we move the data over a longer distance?
 
Dialup modem? Sure. Connect an external modem to the serial port and program it to answer the phone. This is fine if you still use modems :-) and have a phone line available at the remote site.
 
Network connection or WiFi connection - Well now, this could be where the [[WRT54GS]] project comes in handy. For around $60 and a little hacking I can connect a WRT54GS access point to the data logger via RS232 serial port, and it can then act as the bridge to the network via either its 5 ethernet ports or its Wifi port. In fact for this tiny app I could probably also just use one of my old [[USR2450]] WiFi modules. They already have serial ports built in.


== Measurements using Kill-a-watt ==
== Measurements using Kill-a-watt ==
Line 125: Line 90:


== Mini-ITX ==
== Mini-ITX ==
''Update 15-Sep-2008:'' I have two Mini-ITX systems now, one based on the C7 and one on the Intel Atom. Their names are [[Bellman]] and [[8track]]. I need to measure their power usage and update this page.
== C3 system ==


The system tested above based on the Via board is in the Mini-ITX form factor.
The system tested above based on the Via board is in the Mini-ITX form factor.
There are "fanless" and "fan" versions with 500 and 800 Mhz processors.
There are "fanless" and "fan" versions with 500 and 800 Mhz processors.
I currently use an 800 Mhz board with a fanless Zalman BZ-47 Northbridge heatsink and the case / power supply fans provide adequate cooling.
I used an 800 Mhz board and replaced the obnoxious screaming high pitch fan with a fanless Zalman BZ-47 Northbridge heatsink. The case and power supply fans provide adequate cooling. I built the case from 1/8" plywood and hardwood scraps.


I monitor temperatures and turn down the fans using a controller from Sunbeam.
I monitored temperatures and turn down the fans using a controller from Sunbeam.
This gives me a front panel readout only, no way to monitor from the computer.
This gives me a front panel readout only, no way to monitor from the computer.
Unfortunately the motherboard in this system died, probably due to getting zapped with static in one of the numerous hacks. I have vowed to set up a static free workstation.


=== C7 upgrade ===
=== C7 upgrade ===
Line 140: Line 111:


The C3 processor on the Via 800 Mhz card is basically a Pentium instruction set.
The C3 processor on the Via 800 Mhz card is basically a Pentium instruction set.
Not Pentium Pro or II or III or 4... just "Pentium".


The new C7 processor has an advanced instruction set and it's faster. Does this mean it uses more power? Or is it more efficient. I have gotten a CN10000 board from logicsupply.
The new C7 processor has an advanced instruction set and it's faster. Does this mean it uses more power? Or is it more efficient. I have gotten a CN10000 board from Logic Supply.
 
The new board is now installed in a case. For more information, see the [[8track]] page.


== CPUFreq ==
== CPUFreq ==
Line 154: Line 128:
I installed powernowd from the Debian package.
I installed powernowd from the Debian package.


For the C3 processor, enabling speed control means loading the 'longhaul' module and one of the governor module. For powernowd, the governor to use is 'userspace'.
For the '''C3 processor''', enabling speed control means loading the 'longhaul' module and one of the governor module. For powernowd, the governor to use is 'userspace'.
From the command line,  
From the command line,  


Line 187: Line 161:
  cpu MHz        : 800.189
  cpu MHz        : 800.189


NOW... I need to know more accurately just how much power this baby is using. I need some instrumentation!
'''C7 update''' I have installed Ubuntu 7.04 on 8track and cpufreq is available as an option. It works fine. There are more notes on the [[8track]] page.
 
'''Don't get a C3 board''', go right to the C7 or possibly even a Mini-ITX board based on a Pentium mobile processor.
 
NOW... I need to know more accurately just how much power this baby is using. I need some instrumentation! [[Power measurement]]
 
== Linux on Compact Flash ==
 
http://silent.gumph.org/content/4/1/011-linux-on-cf.html
 
== External power supplies ==
 
Looking around my lab I see a variety of new and old devices powered by external power supplies. These include both "wall warts" that plug directly into outlets and ones with a separate AC cord.
 
Old style external "linear" power supplies use a large transformer and typically turn almost as much power into heat even when not connected to a device as when they are in use. Sometimes the powered device has a power switch but the power supply itself is always on.
 
There are several ways to deal with this.
 
# Plug wall wart style power supplies into a power strip and keep the strip shut off when the device(s) are not in use.
# For corded power supplies, put a switch into the AC power cord.
# Replace the linear supplies with more efficient switching supplies.
# Replace the devices with ones that use less power or eliminate them.
# Share one efficient supply among several devices.
 
Canon Scanner has a linear 10V 500 mA supply. I seldom use it so I will put it on a power strip as the first step. (Or leave it unplugged.)
 
=== Speakers ===
 
My snazzy Klipsch computer speakers have a large heavy linear supply with weird outputs: +/-18VDC, 834 mA. I can put a switch into its AC power cord pretty easily.


== Power measurement ==
I also have a pair of Yamaha speakers that use a 14 VDC supply; I got them at a thrift store and have always just used a 12V supply with no problems. I might just switch to using them instead of the Klipsch speakers.


I have been using a Kill-A-Watt. This is a quick way to get a power reading at the wall outlet. There is a logging alternative to the Kill-a-watt.
=== Phones ===
There is the Wattnode. Both of these are good options for monitoring at the wall outlet.At this point though, I want to be able to measure internal components too.


* Measure power supply efficiency. (Compare at wall and at power supply outputs)
My phone system is based on Asterisk.
* Check effectiveness of cpufreq and powernowd.
* Compare power used by different hard drives and other components.
* Compare power use with and without WiFi board installed.
* Figure out how to power down unused components and see if it works.


Ideally I want to be able to measure power over long periods of time, so connecting my trusty Fluke 77 and watching the display is not an option.
My cordless analog Uniden phone has a small linear wall wart. It uses 1 watt when the phone is in the cradle, 0 when it's out. It has to be plugged in for the phone to work. So the trick is to leave it out of the cradle when it's fully charged.


The cordless phone is plugged into a Packet8 DTA-310 (converted to a Leadtek BVA8051 by reflashing it.) to convert the Uniden analog phone to VOIP. Would replacing the phone with a VOIP phone use less power? For cordless I could go either with a DECT IP or a WiFi phone. Phones in this category start at around $150 and go up. I will probably get another [[Openmoko]] before that happens.


At our other computer station [[Bellman]], I have a Budgetone 101 VOIP phone.


=== Methods of current measurement ===
=== Network gear ===


Series resistor - put a small resistance in series with the load and measure voltage drop across it. Simple, but wastes lots of power thereby defeating my whole purpose.  
My Toshiba cable modem has a linear 12 VDC, 1 amp supply. It has to be on all the time so its draw when idle is not as important. It draws 4 watts.


SCT - put a current clamp around the wire.
My Linksys BEFSR41 gateway router + 4 port switch has a 12 V linear supply. I think I can replace it with a switch on a linear supply and use my Linux system as the firewall. This means finding a switch that draws less power. (I have several in my junk pile.) It also means adding an ethernet port to the Linux system; have to make sure it still uses less power. I think I might try a USB ethernet adapter. I only need 10 MB on that connection so it should be fine.


Hall-effect - put a hall effect device next to the wire. Allegro makes some specifically for monitoring current.
We have a Linksys WiFi router to allow use of our laptop around the house. It is also the etherswitch for Bellman and the Budgetone phone. I could use a phone with a built-in 100 MB switch to eliminate the need for the switch, then I could power off the WiFi router when I don't need WiFi.


The SCT's that I happen to have are in the 100 AMP range, too big for this project. I either need smaller SCT's or a hall effect device.
I bought a Linksys 8 port switch today and was disappointed to see they are still using linear supplies.

Latest revision as of 17:05, 1 June 2013

It is called "Mountain top removal"

def: Mountain Top Removal

2006-February

I don't approve of people destroying Appalachia so we can heat our houses with electricity from coal-fired power plants. So I am putting myself on a low carbon diet.

2013-June-01

It's been about 1 year now since I had a 3kW solar array put on my roof. Thanks Jahmez at http://AbundantSolar.com/ , highest recommendations. Total cost to after all incentives program is -$50. That's right, I will come out ahead... go solar. Oh and I don't use any power off the grid now in the short sunny Oregon summer. Can it get better? Yes, I am moving back to California where it's possible to grow food.

Carbon saving tools

Article about PowerTop from Linux World : Linux tool points out power-wasting applications http://www.linuxworld.com/news/2007/072707-linux-power-wasting.html?nlhtos=080307linuxalert1&

Conservation begins with data collection

I have to establish a baseline of our current energy use. I will need to log electrical use and temperatures over a period of time.

My house uses gas (and optionally, wood) for heat. It has an electric stove and water heater. Only the antique gas/wood central furnace uses gas.

I can monitor its run time by monitoring the electrical circuits running to it. I don't have a good way to measure actual gas used other than gas meter readings. I suppose I could read the meter once a day and log it. For a simple gas-only furnace, one way to measure furnace use is to monitor the fans; when the fans go on, hot air is being pushed through the burner so the burner is running. My furnace complicates things by having both wood and gas sections, so I will have to address that. (Possibly by replacing it!)

I can install a data logger and current taps at the main breaker panel to get readings on the whole house. See Power measurement page.

Measurements using Kill-a-watt

Computers

HP Vectra desktop

  • Astec ATX90-3405 SFX/MicroATX power supply [1]
  • HP Motherboard
  • RAM

(SFX has no -5V supply so is not ISA compatible. 90W is all the spec requires.)

Via EPIA 800

  • Astec ATX90 power supply

Board by itself draws 29W with this supply
Adding the CD drive, draws 3W more when drive checks for CD then drops to 29W
Adding the Vectra HD, draws 34W at boot and then drops to 22W, so the CPU must still be doing some work when it is unable to boot.

Spinning down the HD drops it to 19W.

What I'd like to do is load up a CF card with the operating system and have the hard drive hold only data, so when the system is idle the drive spins down.

Generic Pentium Pro 200 system

  • Powerman 235W ATX supply with on/off switch
  • Pentium Pro 200 Intel Mars motherboard
  • Four 72 pin 32MB SIMMS = 128 MB
  • No CPU fan (power supply fan directs air directly onto heatsink)
  • Tulip network card (est 2W)
  • Soundblaster Model CT4180 card (2W)
  • Dual port Intel network card (3-4W)
  • Dual port SIIG USB 1.0 card (2W)
  • Trident video card (ISA) (3W)
  • Intel Mars motherboard PIIX chipset
  • PS/2 keyboard (no difference on power reading w/o keyboard)
  • IDE hard drive: IBM Deskstar 15 GB IBM-DTLA-307015

Boot: 55-60W, peaks to 70W
Idle: 36W
HD spun down: 31W
Stripped down: MB + 128MB RAM + HD = 23 W

Spinning down the hard drive saves 5 watts

Power supply has OFF switch; with the various and sundry network cards installed it burns

PS fan and CPU fan died years ago so I put the high quality fan from a Sun 3 workstation into the supply and dumped the CPU fan. CPU does NOT get hot under normal operation.

CDROM drives

Only needed occasionally; I can leave a drive in the system but unhook power to it.

  • Diamond 8X CDROM: 1 W when idle (no disc in drive)

Mini-ITX

Update 15-Sep-2008: I have two Mini-ITX systems now, one based on the C7 and one on the Intel Atom. Their names are Bellman and 8track. I need to measure their power usage and update this page.

C3 system

The system tested above based on the Via board is in the Mini-ITX form factor. There are "fanless" and "fan" versions with 500 and 800 Mhz processors. I used an 800 Mhz board and replaced the obnoxious screaming high pitch fan with a fanless Zalman BZ-47 Northbridge heatsink. The case and power supply fans provide adequate cooling. I built the case from 1/8" plywood and hardwood scraps.

I monitored temperatures and turn down the fans using a controller from Sunbeam. This gives me a front panel readout only, no way to monitor from the computer.

Unfortunately the motherboard in this system died, probably due to getting zapped with static in one of the numerous hacks. I have vowed to set up a static free workstation.

C7 upgrade

http://logicsupply.com

http://minibox.com

The C3 processor on the Via 800 Mhz card is basically a Pentium instruction set. Not Pentium Pro or II or III or 4... just "Pentium".

The new C7 processor has an advanced instruction set and it's faster. Does this mean it uses more power? Or is it more efficient. I have gotten a CN10000 board from Logic Supply.

The new board is now installed in a case. For more information, see the 8track page.

CPUFreq

Turn the CPU speed down when you aren't using it!

Two options are cpufreqd amd powernowd I am testing powernowd.

I installed powernowd from the Debian package.

For the C3 processor, enabling speed control means loading the 'longhaul' module and one of the governor module. For powernowd, the governor to use is 'userspace'. From the command line, 

modprobe longhaul
modprobe cpufreq_userspace

Look in /proc/cpuinfo to see the current CPU speed. Right now I see 

processor       : 0
vendor_id       : CentaurHauls
cpu family      : 6
model           : 7
model name      : VIA Samuel 2
stepping        : 3
cpu MHz         : 400.094
cache size      : 64 KB
fdiv_bug        : no
hlt_bug         : no
f00f_bug        : no
coma_bug        : no
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 1
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu de tsc msr cx8 mtrr pge mmx 3dnow
bogomips        : 800.57

It's cut the CPU speed to 400 Mhz (normally it is 800.) Now I can drive up the load by playing a movie and check again. Sure enough! When the movie plays I see the cpuinfo report 

cpu MHz         : 800.189

C7 update I have installed Ubuntu 7.04 on 8track and cpufreq is available as an option. It works fine. There are more notes on the 8track page.

Don't get a C3 board, go right to the C7 or possibly even a Mini-ITX board based on a Pentium mobile processor.

NOW... I need to know more accurately just how much power this baby is using. I need some instrumentation! Power measurement

Linux on Compact Flash

http://silent.gumph.org/content/4/1/011-linux-on-cf.html

External power supplies

Looking around my lab I see a variety of new and old devices powered by external power supplies. These include both "wall warts" that plug directly into outlets and ones with a separate AC cord.

Old style external "linear" power supplies use a large transformer and typically turn almost as much power into heat even when not connected to a device as when they are in use. Sometimes the powered device has a power switch but the power supply itself is always on.

There are several ways to deal with this.

  1. Plug wall wart style power supplies into a power strip and keep the strip shut off when the device(s) are not in use.
  2. For corded power supplies, put a switch into the AC power cord.
  3. Replace the linear supplies with more efficient switching supplies.
  4. Replace the devices with ones that use less power or eliminate them.
  5. Share one efficient supply among several devices.

Canon Scanner has a linear 10V 500 mA supply. I seldom use it so I will put it on a power strip as the first step. (Or leave it unplugged.)

Speakers

My snazzy Klipsch computer speakers have a large heavy linear supply with weird outputs: +/-18VDC, 834 mA. I can put a switch into its AC power cord pretty easily.

I also have a pair of Yamaha speakers that use a 14 VDC supply; I got them at a thrift store and have always just used a 12V supply with no problems. I might just switch to using them instead of the Klipsch speakers.

Phones

My phone system is based on Asterisk.

My cordless analog Uniden phone has a small linear wall wart. It uses 1 watt when the phone is in the cradle, 0 when it's out. It has to be plugged in for the phone to work. So the trick is to leave it out of the cradle when it's fully charged.

The cordless phone is plugged into a Packet8 DTA-310 (converted to a Leadtek BVA8051 by reflashing it.) to convert the Uniden analog phone to VOIP. Would replacing the phone with a VOIP phone use less power? For cordless I could go either with a DECT IP or a WiFi phone. Phones in this category start at around $150 and go up. I will probably get another Openmoko before that happens.

At our other computer station Bellman, I have a Budgetone 101 VOIP phone.

Network gear

My Toshiba cable modem has a linear 12 VDC, 1 amp supply. It has to be on all the time so its draw when idle is not as important. It draws 4 watts.

My Linksys BEFSR41 gateway router + 4 port switch has a 12 V linear supply. I think I can replace it with a switch on a linear supply and use my Linux system as the firewall. This means finding a switch that draws less power. (I have several in my junk pile.) It also means adding an ethernet port to the Linux system; have to make sure it still uses less power. I think I might try a USB ethernet adapter. I only need 10 MB on that connection so it should be fine.

We have a Linksys WiFi router to allow use of our laptop around the house. It is also the etherswitch for Bellman and the Budgetone phone. I could use a phone with a built-in 100 MB switch to eliminate the need for the switch, then I could power off the WiFi router when I don't need WiFi.

I bought a Linksys 8 port switch today and was disappointed to see they are still using linear supplies.

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