Pi Zero W

I got the first Pi Zero because I wanted to play with a webcam. Silly me I have not used the camera yet. I tested it, it works.

2021-01-30 Now I am trying to interface it to an ESP8266 today.

The first Pi Zero has the cute C4Labs Zebra Zero+ protoboard setup from Adafruit at the same time so I named it "Zebra".

First boot

1. Plug in a cable to the Windows machine and see if it recognizes the Pi Zero as a smoke test.
2. Download Raspberry Pi OS LITE image from https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/
3. Download Raspberry Pi Imager.
4. Run the imager to copy image to a 32GB card.
5. While waiting, dig up the HDMI cable and USB keyboard.
   1. Discover there are many connectors in the world and they used an HDMI I don't have.
   2. Order a Type A (std HDMI) to Type C (Mini) cable. Note the BeagleBone Black uses Type D (Micro).
   3. Wait a few days. (11/26/18 cable arrived and works)
   4. OR use headless mode https://learn.adafruit.com/raspberry-pi-zero-creation/text-file-editing
   5. Configure the WiFI by editing wpa_supplicant.conf (see next section)
   6. OR BLUETOOTH headless mode!! I like this idea, I will try it tonight!
6. Transfer card to Pi
7. Connect HDMI monitor and USB keyboard if you go that route.
8. Power on via a cellphone charger and a generic micro USB cable, everyone has those!
9. Log in as "pi" with password "raspberry"
10. Change the password! Do this by running raspi-config and setting everything else up, too.

Headless mode

Overview:

1. Enable WiFI so card comes up on network.
2. Enable ssh so I can log in.

Put the SD card in the Mac. Create these files.

cd /Volumes/boot
touch ssh
vi wpa_supplicant.conf

REMEMBER Pi Zero W is a 2.4 GHz ONLY radio!!! No 5 Ghz!

wpa_supplicant.conf should contain

ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
update_config=1
country=US

network={
   ssid="YOURSSID"
   psk="YOURPASSWORD"
}

The wpa_supplicant.conf file gets moved on boot so don't freak if it "disappears".

Remember to update the dnsmasq settings on Bellman to issue it a proper IP address.

ssh pi@zebra
pi@zebra's password: ''raspberry''
Linux raspberrypi 4.14.79+ #1159 Sun Nov 4 17:28:08 GMT 2018 armv6l

The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.

SSH is enabled and the default password for the 'pi' user has not been changed.
This is a security risk - please login as the 'pi' user and type 'passwd' to set a new password.

pi@raspberrypi:~$

and there was much rejoicing... seconds later, I realized that I cannot show it off because there are no LEDs to blink, no beeper, just this cold dead looking thing... anticlimax hits.

Serial console: I did not add enable_uart=1 to config.txt because I don't need it right now.

Serial console

This works for any Pi including my older Model B which has no built in WiFi or Bluetooth

1. Install driver for Mac
2. Add "enable_uart=1" to config.txt in the DOS boot partition
3. Connect
4. Connect USB to Mac
5. Start a session with screen /dev/cu.SLAB_USBtoUART 115200
6. Power up PI
7. Observe and rejoice:

[    7.878533] sysrq: SysRq : Resetting
[    7.883666] CPU2: stopping
[    7.888170] CPU0: stopping
[    7.892645] CPU1: stopping

Raspbian GNU/Linux 9 raspberrypi ttyAMA0
raspberrypi login: pi
password: raspberry

Bluetooth console headless mode

Mostly from https://hacks.mozilla.org/2017/02/headless-raspberry-pi-configuration-over-bluetooth/

Edit the disk image on a Mac using Vagrant. (We can't directly mount and modify an IMG file in EXT4FS)

1. Unzip the downloaded Raspian image, the .img will be modified before transferring to SD.
2. Start up a vagrant engine.
   1. mkdir debian && cd debian
   2. vagrant init debian/stretch64
   3. Edit VagrantFile to share Downloads folder
   4. vagrant up
   5. vagrant ssh
3. Mount the IMG file
   1. List the partitions using fdisk -l *.img
   2. Calculate the offset using bc 512*start
   3. Mount the EXT4 partition. mount -v -o offset=XXXXXXX *.img /mnt
4. cd /mnt
5. Edit away.
   1. Enable ssh.

      cd /etc/rc3.d && ln -s ../init.d/ssh S01ssh

   2. sudo vi home/pi/btserial.sh
   3. chown 1000.1000 home/pi/btserial.sh
   4. vi etc/rc.local
   5. add line: sh /home/pi/btserial.sh
   6. Change gb to us in /etc/default/keyboard and /etc/default/locale
   7. Edit wpa_supplicant.conf as above
6. Unmount the image; cd / && umount /mnt/root
7. Shutdown the vagrant machine: vagrant halt
8. Copy the image to a card using Etcher.

After booting the Pi connect on Bluetooth or SSH and then run updater and raspi-config.

btserial.sh:

#!/bin/bash -e

echo PRETTY_HOSTNAME=zebra > /etc/machine-info

# Edit /lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service to enable BT services
sudo sed -i: 's|^Exec.*toothd$| \
ExecStart=/usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd -C \
ExecStartPost=/usr/bin/sdptool add SP \
ExecStartPost=/bin/hciconfig hci0 piscan \
|g' /lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service

# create /etc/systemd/system/rfcomm.service to enable 
# the Bluetooth serial port from systemctl
sudo cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/rfcomm.service > /dev/null
[Unit]
Description=RFCOMM service
After=bluetooth.service
Requires=bluetooth.service

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/rfcomm watch hci0 1 getty rfcomm0 115200 vt100 -a pi

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

# enable the new rfcomm service
sudo systemctl enable rfcomm

# start the rfcomm service
sudo systemctl restart rfcomm

Set up a new Zero

sudo -s
apt update 
apt upgrade
reboot
apt install emacs-nox

LCD set up

This article shows the settings that work for my Adafruit 5" LCD with its attached HDMI decoder. Setting Up an 800X480 5inch HDMI LCD for Raspberry Pi

Add swap space

Edit /etc/dphys-swapfile and change CONF_SWAPSIZE I changed it from 100 to 1000 so that I can run a compiler SLOWLY but have it not crash.

Fix the various settings

You can run raspi-config to set the hostname, locale, keyboard, and time zone; this is easier than poking around in the various configuration files.

Bluetooth set up

Look up this article: https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-to-setup-bluetooth-on-a-raspberry-pi-3/ and read the Terminal section. Works like a champ. I paired with an Apple keyboard.

sudo bluetoothctl
agent on
default agent
scan on

Watch for the keyboard to show up, then enter

pair XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

If the keyboard is in pairing mode, then you will be prompted to enter the secret code on the keyboard. Enter the numbers and then hit Enter. The keyboard should pair. Not sure if you have to do the next step,

connect XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

but anyway then the keyboard should start

http://wiki.debian.org/BluetoothUser

Make the settings sticky.

Camera notes

Enable camera and reboot:

raspi-config
reboot

Test camera: raspistill -o foo.jpg

Red Bear IoT pHAT board

I got one of these for my Model 3 B, so that it can have WiFi and Bluetooth too! I have not set it up yet. It was on sale for $5, I could not pass it up.

I2S audio

I am working to get the MEMS Mic and the I2S Bonnet to work at the very same time. So far only the bonnet works.

https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/90647/i2s-recording-combined-with-i2s-playback

Microphone

Adafruit has a nifty I2S MEMS microphone breakout, get 2 for stereo! ;-) about $7

Using the mic with RPi: https://github.com/nejohnson2/rpi-i2s

DAC

Adafruit has an I2S audio DAC bonnet with 3.5mm/rca line outs. About $10, they also have a $7 breakout board using the same DAC if you don't want a bonnet.

While you are shopping at Adafruit consider this "20W" class D stereo amp for $20.

See HiFiBerry for more interesting choices for audio output.

Pimoroni Inky pHAT

RED/BLACK/WHITE electronic paper, which I intend to use with a Pi Zero W. Might use as part of my boombox project. First though I am building a Pi clock.

Setting up OpenCV

After 20 hours compiling opencv, Pi ran out of memory. I had to bump up swap space from 100MB to 1024 and start again.

Don't try to build on the Zero. Use a real computer. :-) In my case Bellman with an Intel NUC with an i5 4 core CPU. After getting a card set up on the Zero, shutdown and move it to a USB card reader. Put that on the Linux box.

I found a tip searching Stack Exchange and build these instructions.

sudo apt-get install -y qemu qemu-user-static binfmt-support
sudo mkdir /media/sdcard
sudo mount /dev/sdc2 /media/sdcard
sudo mount /dev/sdc1 /media/sdcard/boot
sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /media/sdcard/usr/bin/
sudo chroot /media/sdcard bash --login
root@bellman:/boot# uname -a
Linux bellman 5.4.0-84-generic #94-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 26 20:27:37 UTC 2021 armv7l GNU/Linux

Awesome, Bellman now thinks he is a Raspberry Pi.

root@bellman:/etc/apt# apt update
Get:1 http://packages.microsoft.com/repos/code stable InRelease [10.4 kB]
Get:2 http://archive.raspberrypi.org/debian buster InRelease [32.7 kB]           
Get:3 http://raspbian.raspberrypi.org/raspbian buster InRelease [15.0 kB]
. 
.
.

Once the SD card is mounted and we're chroot'ed, we can just proceed as if we're running a pi.

Following instructions were cribbed from https://www.pyimagesearch.com/2016/04/18/install-guide-raspberry-pi-3-raspbian-jessie-opencv-3/ but so far are still working on buster.

All this just to allow building from source... at least it's happening now at Core i5 speed with 32GB of ram.

apt -y install git cmake pkg-config
apt -y install libjpeg-dev libtiff5-dev libpng-dev \
  libavcodec-dev libavformat-dev libswscale-dev libv4l-dev \
  libxvidcore-dev libx264-dev libgtk2.0-dev
apt -y install libatlas-base-dev gfortran \
  python2.7-dev python3-dev python3-setuptools

This part is for either source build or pip install

apt -y install libhdf5-dev libhdf5-serial-dev libwebp-dev \
   libqtwebkit4 libqt4-test \
   python3-pip

When working in chroot'ed environment at this point, I can drop root privileges by changing to the user 'pi', so that I can use virtualenv properly. Sort of the opposite of "sudo".

su - pi
pi@bellman:~$ pwd
/home/pi

My instructions used to say to install virtualenv here, but I prefer conda, so I am going to try using it instead. I installed it at /opt/miniconda3 instead of /root/miniconda3.

wget http://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-armv7l.sh
sudo bash Miniconda3-latest-Linux-armv7l.sh

I added this to /home/pi/.bashrc myself: "export PATH=/opt/miniconda3/bin:$PATH:/home/pi/.local/bin", then I restarted the shell and made an env. If I don't specify a version, it will give me python 2.7, ick! And then the pip upgrade fails too. And the version available is 3.4, which is also too old. Conda is turning out to be a pain on the Pi.

conda create --name=opencv python=3.4.3

The "latest" version of conda for arm is apparently quite old so the "conda activate" command does not work. Instead, use

source activate opencv 
which python
/home/pi/.conda/envs/opencv/bin/python

Pip suggested doing this, which screws things up "pip install --upgrade pip". I found python 3.4 was TOO OLD!! So here we go down the Linux rabbit hole, installing 3.9. I followed the lead from Theo, thanks whoever you are, https://itheo.tech/install-python-3-9-on-raspberry-pi Go have coffee while configure and make do their work.

sudo apt-get install -y build-essential tk-dev libncurses5-dev libncursesw5-dev libreadline6-dev libdb5.3-dev libgdbm-dev libsqlite3-dev libssl-dev libbz2-dev libexpat1-dev liblzma-dev zlib1g-dev libffi-dev
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.7/Python-3.9.7.tar.xz
tar xvf Python-3.9.7.tar.xz
./configure --prefix=/opt/python-3.9.7
make -j 4

At this point I'm thinking I should mount an SSD on this machine to make it go faster before I do the opencv build, the SD card is slowing me down. Fortunately I have some yard work to do.

Okay, I have a "workspace" ssd on Bellman that is unused mounted at /workspace so I did this

cd /media/sdcard
sudo cp -rp home_real/pi /workspace
sudo touch /workspace/pi/THIS_IS_THE_SSD_DRIVE
sudo mount --bin /workspace /media/sdcard/home

This masks the /home drive but that's okay for now. It should speed up the builds.

Now trying this again with a newer python...works now

wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/2.7/get-pip.py
python get-pip.py 

I want to make sure conda will use my new python so I change the links there.

cd /opt/miniconda3/bin
sudo rm python python3
ln -s /opt/python-3.9.7/bin/python3.9 python
ln -s /opt/python-3.9.7/bin/python3.9 python3

pip install numpy

On subsequent logins, you will need to start the environment again

source activate opencv

In one line, install the entire OpenCV package and skip 20 hours of compilation.

pip install opencv-contrib-python-headless

This fails, because there is a library missing.

ImportError: libImath-2_2.so.12: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

Build commands

Get the source

wget -O opencv.zip https://github.com/opencv/opencv/archive/4.0.0.zip
unzip opencv.zip
wget -O opencv-contrib.zip https://github.com/opencv/opencv_contrib/archive/4.0.0.zip
unzip opencv-contrib.zip

Set up the makefile

cd opencv-4.0.0
mkdir build
cd build
cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE \
   -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local \
   -D INSTALL_PYTHON_EXAMPLES=ON \
   -D OPENCV_EXTRA_MODULES_PATH=~/opencv_contrib-4.0.0/modules \
   -D BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON ..

Do the actual build, it will take about 21 hours on a Pi Zero. Do more than just drink coffee. :-)

make
sudo make install
sudo ldconfig
cd /usr/local/python
sudo python3 setup.py install

While I was waiting for the build on the Pi, I installed OpenCV from source on Bellman and plugged in a spare webcam. :-)

• Zebra: 1290 minutes (21 hours), with 'make' (just one CPU)
• Bellman: 48 minutes with 'make -j 8'
• Murre: 5 minutes with 'make -j 20' (10 hyperthreaded cores) more than 250 times as fast as a Pi Zero. :-)

Zebra is at 14% and for testing on Murre I had time to eat Thanksgiving dinner, then download and install the build toolchain, download sources, and do the build on Murre. I could hear the fans speed up on Murre, the first time ever.

or Cross compile BUILD on a REAL computer

Have not tried this yet though I probably have time...

https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/69169/how-to-install-opencv-on-raspberry-pi-3-in-raspbian-jessie

Now for the app software

https://github.com/HackerShackOfficial/Smart-Security-Camera

Camera related links

MotionEyeOS https://www.raspberrypi-spy.co.uk/2017/04/raspberry-pi-zero-w-cctv-camera-with-motioneyeos/

MotionEye on Raspian https://www.techcoil.com/blog/how-i-setup-a-raspberry-pi-zero-w-cctv-camera-with-motioneye-and-raspbian-stretch-lite/

Built into a dummy camera case: https://www.instructables.com/id/Zero-Security-Camera/ Pi Zero (not wireless) + USB - LAN adapter

Cool 3D-printed case: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2544275