Pandas
All this stuff is amazing but hard to wrap my head around because it's more like working with SQL than nice linear procedural programming.
When something is hard for me, I write about it in my Wiki.
This page currently is really all about GeoPandas, for now.
There is also the ArcGIS version and I should write about that here too.
Pandas
This is a Python package for manipulating data that implements dataframes. Dataframes are well amazing. Also extremely well documented elsewhere.
So run along and learn Pandas THEN come back and learn GeoPandas.
Esri "ArcGIS API for Python"
Yeah so you can go install this and learn about it, docs are... difficult.
GeoPandas
GeoPandas is geospatially enabled Pandas. Go right to the page for full info, https://geopandas.org.
References
Mastering pandas - Second Edition has a short but sweet chapter on GeoPandas.
Learning Geospatial Analysis with Python - Third Edition has just a brief description of GeoPandas
There are some older references in O'Reilly as well.
This video with Andy Eschbacher has some talk about GeoPandas starting at about 30:00 More tools to look at (ugh): matplotlib, Folium