PostGIS

PostGIS spatially enables the PostgreSQL open source DBMS

Goals:

1. I am trying to build a GIS data warehouse with a catalog that can be queried in many different ways.

2. I want to have a rich suite of spatial tools available to operate on the data in the warehouse.

Building an enterprise geodatabase server

The hardware

Three platforms. At home, a little Atom-based server running Ubuntu. At work, a spiffy Intel i7/RAID 5 box running Debian 6. On the Internet, a virtual machine at Tektonic.net called a VPS (Virtual Private Server)

It turns out the Atom and Tektonic servers do not have enough RAM to do this job.

I am upgrading the Atom server to an AMD-350 motherboard with 8 GB of RAM

The software

Operating system: Ubuntu Server 10.04 and Debian 6 I am installing for both PostGIS 1.5 (so I can use pgMap and PostGIS 2.0 (so I can use rasters)

PostgreSQL

I ended up building PostgreSQL from source because binaries of 9.0 don't have the development headers so PostGIS can't be built! Foo.

sudo apt-get install python-dev libreadline-dev
./configure --with-python
make && make install

This installs into /usr/local, so the scripts have to be adjusted accordingly.

I create a script in /etc/profile.d/postgresql.sh to set PATH etc. like this

# Localization for PostgreSQL and PostGIS -----
###############################################################3
# POSTGRESQL

PGHOME=/usr/local/pgsql
export PGBIN=$PGHOME/bin
export PGLIB=$PGHOME/lib
export PGDATA=/var/lib/postgresql/data
export PGPORT=5432

# I wonder what this does. Same as mv -i option maybe.
export PGOPTS="-i"

PATH=$PATH:$PGBIN
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGLIB

###############################################################3
# POSTGIS

##
export PATH

Once you have installed and sourced the above script then you should be able to run the following commands without having to specify the location for pg_config.

Built from source

Postgis 1.5.3
Postgis 2.0
Proj 4.7.1 (potential conflict with PostGIS 1.5.3)
GDAL 1.8.0
GEOS 3.3.1
Might need source for openjpeg and kml

GEOS

GEOS (installed into /usr/local):

sudo apt-get install python2.6-dev swig php5-dev phpunit
./configure --enable-python --enable-php
make && sudo make install

GDAL

GDAL (installed into /usr/local): "poppler" packages are included for PDF support. In theory I could support file geodatabases here if I have the ESRI library from the ArcGIS Runtime Engine, which is in fact supported on sudo Linux.

sudo apt-get install openjpeg-tools libopenjpeg-dev
sudo apt-get install libpoppler5 libpoppler-dev

./configure \
--with-python --with-poppler \
--with-pg \
--with-openjpeg --with-geos --with-geotiff \
--with-jpeg --with-png
make && sudo make install
gdalinfo --formats # confirm the formats you need are listed
ogrinfo --formats # confirm the formats you need are listed

PostGIS

# this gets too much!
# sudo apt-get build-dep postgis

cd src/GIS/
wget http://www.postgis.org/download/postgis-1.5.3.tar.gz
tar xzvf postgis-1.5.3.tar.gz
cd postgis-1.5.3
./configure --with-pgconfig=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_config  --with-geosconfig=/usr/local/bin/geos-config
make 
sudo make install

Server management

You have to create the databases etc for Postgres. See the INSTALL file in the sources.

su
adduser postgres
mkdir $PGDATA
chown postgres $PGDATA
su - postgres
initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
exit
/etc/init.d/postgresql-9.0 start
exit
createdb -U postgres test
psql -U postgres test

Create user and password for phppgadmin

From command line... if you want to use database authentication

psql -U postgres
CREATE USER bwilson WITH PASSWORD 'jackalope';

To see the user table

SELECT * FROM pg_authid;

Now user bwilson should be able to use phppgadmin

Install Template

Adding a template makes it much easier to create Postgis databases. Refer to PostGIS in Action Appendix B p424 Once the template is installed you can easily create a PostGIS database:

createdb -U postgres my_gisdb -W -T template_postgis

or

echo "CREATE DATABASE my_gisdb WITH TEMPLATE=template_postgis" | psql -U postgis

You should be able to do this now:

psql -U postgres
# \c my_gisdb
# SELECT postgis_full_version();
 POSTGIS="1.5.3" GEOS="3.3.1-CAPI-1.7.1" PROJ="Rel. 4.7.1, 23 September 2009" LI

BXML="2.7.6" USE_STATS

Loading data into PostGIS

Lots of our data comes in the form of shapefiles, for this I can use shp2pgsql

For ESRI data then I think the best tack is to write a geoprocessing Python script - It can use the ESRI proprietary code to read any feature class using a cursor and load them into postgis.

To do this I need to be able to write to the PostGIS database from my Python script.

I have more extensive notes on loading data here: Loading data into PostGIS

Load data

With shp2pgsql command:

Convert city polygon shapefile into SQL commands

shp2pgsql /export/kilchis/temp/Ann/IncidentView/Data/WA/South_King_Fire/AGI_shapefiles/Cities_revised.shp cities > cities.sql

Load the data now by executing the SQL

psql -U postgres -d WA_South_King < cities.sql

With gdal ogr2ogr command, I can reproject while loading:

ogr2ogr -f "PostgreSQL" -t_srs 2991 OR_Corvallis Water.shp

Query data

Did the load work? Try a simple query.

psql -U postgres -d WA_South_King
SELECT name FROM cities;
     name
------------------
Shoreline
Lake Forest Park
Kenmore
Bothell
...

The glory! Now try a geometric query

SELECT name, AREA(the_geom) FROM cities ORDER BY AREA(the_geom);
      name       |       area
------------------+------------------
Beaux Arts       | 2308400.44773863
RUSTON           | 7069686.79758783
Hunts Point      | 8537598.97906794
Skykomish        | 9349760.74397126
...

Setting the SRID (Spatial reference ID)

First I look at the shapefiles to see what the PRJ portion says. Then I look up the SRID in the Proj file /usr/share/proj/esri

Cities is WA North = 102348 and Counties is WA South = 102349

Rivers is Oregon State Lambert (Feet) = 2992

NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Oregon_North_FIPS_3601_Feet_Intl = EPSG:2913 (See http://www.ittvis.com/services/Files/envi_pe/envi_pe_v10/EnviPEReferenceDocs/EnviPEProjcsStrings_v10.txt)

New short way

UpdateGeometrySRID([<schema_name>], <table_name>, <column_name>, <srid>)

for example,

psql -d crbc_spatial
crbc_spatial=> SELECT UpdateGeometrySRID('rivers', 'the_geom', 2992);
crbc_spatial=> 

Long old way

ALTER TABLE cities DROP CONSTRAINT "enforce_srid_the_geom" RESTRICT;
UPDATE cities SET the_geom=ST_SetSRID(the_geom, 102348);
ALTER TABLE cities ADD CONSTRAINT "enforce_srid_the_geom" CHECK(SRID(the_geom)=102348);
UPDATE geometry_columns set SRID=102348 WHERE f_table_name='cities';

ALTER TABLE WA_Counties DROP CONSTRAINT "enforce_srid_the_geom" RESTRICT;
UPDATE wa_counties SET the_geom=ST_SetSRID(the_geom, 102349);
ALTER TABLE wa_counties ADD CONSTRAINT "enforce_srid_the_geom" CHECK(SRID(the_geom)=102349);
UPDATE geometry_columns set SRID=102349 WHERE f_table_name='wa_counties';

Spatial queries

I have also added counties, WA_Counties table. So I can see what cities fall inside King county. The problem is that these tables are now in different projections, so the query fails.

SELECT cities.name, WA_Counties.county_nm FROM cities INNER JOIN WA_Counties ON (cities.the_geom && WA_Counties.the_geom AND intersects(cities.the_geom, WA_Counties.the_geom));
ERROR:  Operation on two geometries with different SRIDs

I cannot use the transform() function though because my SPATIAL_REF_SYS table is not loaded with the ESRI values! Que mal!

Use this GDAL util to convert the ESRI codes to Proj.4 codes

cd src/FWTools-2.0.6
export PYTHONPATH=`pwd`/pymod
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=`pwd`/lib
cd share
../bin/epsg_tr.py -postgis -list esri_extra.wkt > ~/esri.sql

Load them into the database.

su postgres
psql -U postgres -d WA_South_King < /home/AGI/bwilson/esri.sql

Now transform() should work.

Reprojection

CREATE TABLE "wa_counties_p" (gid serial PRIMARY KEY,
"county_cod" int2,"county_fip" varchar(3),"county_nm" varchar(15),
"ecy_region" varchar(4),"air_region" varchar(46));

SELECT AddGeometryColumn(,'wa_counties_s','the_geom','-1','MULTIPOLYGON',2);

ALTER TABLE wa_counties_p DROP CONSTRAINT "enforce_srid_the_geom" RESTRICT;

INSERT INTO wa_counties_p SELECT gid,county_cod, county_fip, county_nm, ecy_region, air_region, transform(the_geom, 102348) FROM wa_counties;

ALTER TABLE wa_counties_p ADD CONSTRAINT "enforce_srid_the_geom"CHECK(SRID(the_geom)=102348);

Exporting data from PostGIS

pgsql2shp

Integration with ArcGIS Desktop

RIP ZigGIS. See SpatialKit instead.

Integration with a Web server

See GeoServer

Resources

Postgis wiki http://trac.osgeo.org/postgis/wiki/UsersWikiMain

An article of interest

http://www.bostongis.com/PrinterFriendly.aspx?content_name=sqlserver2008_postgis_mysql_compare

Other

From some forum or other

"574 post(s)

1. 23-Mar-09 20:06

I suppose I could share a few things that I have found out through trial and error. I am certainly no expert.

I am running on windows server 2003 32 bit, so if you are running 64 bit or *nix versions, the experiences could be very different.

1. Make sure you have the latest version of postgres / postGIS. In another thread you mentioned that you have only just installed it, so I would think that this is the case. Version Postgres 8.3 has a nice easy windows installer that makes it a piece of cake to install. The application Stack Builder picks up the latest postGIS version, so there is no need to worry too much about installing postGIS seperately.

2. I found that installing the Tuning wizard that can be found in the Application Stack Builder helps to configure the memory setting quite well. For my purposes, I didn't need to tweak any of the memory setting into the postgresql.conf file.

3. If you are planning on doing spatial queries on any datasets that you export to postgres, then make sure you have spatial indexes on the geometry field. When you export from manifold using the Postgres type, then these indexes are created automatically. I would suggest reading the postgis user manual, it is pretty comprehensive, and fairly easy to follow. It will give you a good idea of what is possible with spatial queries. It is available http://postgis.refractions.net/download/postgis-1.3.5.pdf

4. The postGIS email list is very helpful. See http://postgis.refractions.net/mailman/listinfo/postgis-users to join.

5. If you are doing joins between tables in the database, then you will have to manually set up the indexes. If you are using pgAdmin III (which I like), then before you run queries, you can see if your indexes are being used by using explain.

--sql (for use within postgresql (or in the database manager console in manifold)

explain select * from test limit 1000;

This will tell you what type of scan is being done. In the above case it is always going to be a sequential scan, due to the nature of the query. If you are doing a query like:

select * from "PARCEL_MAPPING" INNER JOIN "100K index" ON st_intersects("PARCEL_MAPPING".geometry, "100K index".geometry)

where "100K index"."Sheet_Name" = 'DANYO'

There is an explain button in the query editor in pgAdmin III which shows this in a graphic form so you can see pretty quickly if you aren't taking advantage of your indexes.

6. Also as mentioned above, it is a good idea to do vaccuum analyzes often as these help indexes perform better.

7. If you are using large drawings that have lots of drawing objects, then make use of the AOI windowing when linking the drawings. Also see http://forum.manifold.net/forum/t64537.18 for a handy tool to help out.

8. Change the extents() aggregate function in postgres. Manifold uses this when linking drawings (for which reason I don't know). It is VERY slow on large datasets. If you use the tool mentioned above, you don't need the extents function at all. All I did was rename the function so I could still use it if I had to in code and postGIS, but Manifold wasn't automatically trying to use it.

--sql (in postgres)

DROP AGGREGATE extent(geometry);

CREATE AGGREGATE _extent(geometry) (

 SFUNC=public.st_combine_bbox,

 STYPE=box2d

);

That is about all I can think of for the moment, but I am sure others have more tips.

Hope this helps

James"