Finding Intersections with Python
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Where roads meet
We need to be able to build a table of all the places roads meet.
- This is not a page about the general case of geometric intersections. Road intersections.
- And we don't want to find the places that roads CROSS (over- or under-crossings). Just where they join.
Both of these points are salient because they mean dealing with dirty input data. Always the case.
- Roads should always meet at a vertex
- Roads that meet should always have a common vertex, not just be "close".
- Roads that do not meet (crossings) should NOT meet these conditions.
- Any gaps should indicate no connection.
- Any place roads touch but not at a vertex should indicate a crossing.
But none of this is ever true! Alas, we always get data that looks good on a map but is not routable.
To this end, I want a tool that:
- Generates a point layer of intersections
- Generates a point layer of error cases
The tools
I have a version of this program already written in C# using ArcObjects, and it's a BIG MESS. Worst of all, every time I do a build in a new release of ArcGIS, it breaks!
I want something easy to maintain, easy to update, easy to run, and reasonably fast.
To accomplish this I am reading Python Geospatial Development by Erik Westra. Packt Pubs
I've been working a lot with PostGIS lately and it would be ideal for this project. HOWEVER I need to be able to give it to some ESRI users and I don't want to teach them how to use PostGIS as part of that project. This means I will be using Shapely.
I want to be able to use File Geodatabases, so I will be using a custom built GDAL with Python bindings on Linux and the OSGeo4W version on Windows.
GDAL
Here is a page where I talk about Building GDAL on Linux. I guess I should also do a write up on Using OSGeo4W but I have not done that yet.
Shapely
Here is the home of Shapely, where it is described as "PostGIS-ish operations outside a database context for Pythoneers and Pythonistas." Sounds like what I need.
The steps
Starting off with the simplest version, ignoring all the data cleaning.
- Read centerline data with OGR (part of GDAL).
- Find all the crossings with Shapely.
- Write points with appropriate attributes (FENAME1, FENAME2)
With the tools at our disposal, this should be so easy! It turns out that it is!.
I was able to write a script in Python and develop it on a Linux system, and the first time I ran it on Windows, it ran successfully to completion with NO CHANGES. Awesome
The next part now will be getting it to run in ESRI Model Builder.
Explore data from command line using ogrinfo.
ogrinfo -so cntrline.shp cntrline Gives lots of info I won't include here
Read shapes into Shapely geometries
Time to code up some python. I want to be able to read ESRI File Geodatabases too. And write them.
class InputFeatures:
# Input fields
input_fieldname = "FULLNAME"
# Stubby little streets less than this are ignored.
MinLineLength = 3.0
FeatureList = [] # tuple containing (hashed name, ogr feature, shapely geom)
SpatialReference = None
BadNameCount = 0
EmptyNameCount = 0
BadGeometryCount = 0
DebugFeatureCount = 0 # Set to some value to load a few features only -- good for testing
_d_ignored_names = {} # ALLEY, UNKNOWN...
def __init__(self, input_fieldname, ignored_path, st_types_path):
self.input_fieldname = input_fieldname
icount = self._load_ignored_names(ignored_path)
if icount == 0:
print "Could not load ignored names file '%s'" % ignored_path
self.condenser = streetnames.Condense()
ccount = self.condenser.LoadStreetTypes(st_types_path)
if ccount == 0:
print "Could not load street types file '%s'" % st_types_path
return
#####
def LoadFeatures(self, fcname):
""" Load everything from the input feature layer into memory.
Well.. not EVERYTHING. Ignores meaningless features. """
feature_count = 0
(ogr_ds, ogr_layer) = self._open_layer(fcname)
if not ogr_layer:
print "Can't open input layer '%s'" % fcname
else:
feature_count = self._loadFeatures(ogr_layer)
self.SpatialReference = ogr_layer.GetSpatialRef()
ogr_ds.Destroy()
return feature_count
def _open_layer(self, fcname):
(workspacename, layername) = fc_to_ogrname(fcname)
ds = None
layer = None
try:
ogr.RegisterAll()
ds = ogr.Open(workspacename);
layer = None
if ds:
layer = ds.GetLayerByName(layername)
except Exception:
print "Could not open input feature class '%s" % fcname
return (ds, layer)
def _loadFeatures(self, layer):
max_feature_count = layer.GetFeatureCount()
debug_count = self.DebugFeatureCount
if (debug_count > 0) and (debug_count < max_feature_count):
max_feature_count = debug_count
for i in range(max_feature_count):
if progress and not i % 1000: print i, "..",
feature = layer.GetFeature(i)
if not feature:
self.BadGeometryCount += 1
continue
name = feature.GetField(self.input_fieldname)
if not name:
self.EmptyNameCount += 1
continue
# Ignore all streets with names like ALLEY and UNKNOWN
if self._d_ignored_names.has_key(name):
self._d_ignored_names[name] += 1 # count each one to help debugging
self.BadNameCount += 1;
continue
try:
# Convert OGR geometry to Shapely geometry
geometry = feature.GetGeometryRef()
shgeom = shapely.wkt.loads(geometry.ExportToWkt())
except:
print "%d : %s (EXCEPTION)" % (i, name)
self.BadGeometryCount += 1
continue
msg = self._featureIsValid(shgeom)
if msg :
print "%d : %s : %s" % (i, name, msg)
self.BadGeometryCount += 1
continue
# Geometry is good and name is good, so add it to our list
# Make a condensed name from the FULLNAME field.
# I wonder what would happen if I actually used hash() here
hashed = self.condenser.HashStreetName(name)
self.FeatureList.append( (hashed, feature, shgeom) )
return len(self.FeatureList)
def _featureIsValid(self, shgeom):
""" Return True if this feature passes validity tests. """
if not shgeom.is_valid:
return "Geometry is not valid."
if shgeom.is_empty:
return "Geometry is empty."
mp = list(shgeom.boundary.geoms)
if len(mp) == 0:
return "Geometry is empty!"
if shgeom.length < self.MinLineLength:
return "Short line ignored."
return None
def isshapefilename(fcname):
if fcname[-4:].lower() == '.shp':
return True
return False
def fc_to_ogrname(fcname):
""" Convert an ESRI feature class name into an OGR workspace and layername """
try:
if isshapefilename(fcname):
# We're working with a shapefile.
# Don't test for existence because we might be making a new shapefile.
workspacename = fcname
layername = os.path.basename(fcname)[:-4]
return (workspacename, layername)
except Exception:
pass
try:
directory = os.path.dirname(fcname)
if directory[-4:].lower() == '.gdb':
# We're working with a file geodatabase
if not os.path.exists(directory):
print "File geodatabase '%s' does not exist" % directory
return (None, None)
workspacename = directory
layername = os.path.basename(fcname)
return (workspacename, layername)
except Exception:
pass
print "Something is wrong with feature class '%s'" % fcname
return (None,None)
2. Use Shapely to find the intersections.
First I find where lines cross.
Then I look at the endpoints of each line segment.
class GenerateCrossPoints:
# Units depend on projection of data source, usually in feet.
BufferDistance = 3.0
# Trim pre-directionals from output street names when set true
trim_predirectionals = True
# Input
input_fieldname = "FULLNAME"
featureList = None
# Dictionaries for fast look up tables.
d_street_types = {} # ST AV BLVD
d_street_translations = {} # stuff like first => 1
# OUTPUT
# Has to be a list because of dupe names + modifier (1st and MAIN 1, 1st and MAIN 2,...)
IntersectionList = [] # Tuple (geom, (hash1, hash2), fename1, fename2, modifer, rating)
ErrorList = [] # Tuple (geom, fename1, fename2, errdesc)
# used to differentiate between intersections with same name
_d_modifier = {} # [hashed names] => counter count instances of each name
# rating, lower is better
# 0 = vertex at line crossing
# 1 = endpoint touches a vertex
# 2 = crossing
# 3 = endpoint touches a line
# 4 = line is near vertex
# 5 = endpoint is near a line
# Regular expressions, compiled ahead of need
# Used for trimming predirectionals
re_predir = re.compile(r'^(N|S|W|W|NE|NW|SE|SW)\s(.*)$', re.IGNORECASE)
#####################################################
def __init__(self, input_fieldname):
self.input_fieldname = input_fieldname
pass
#########
def FindIntersections(self, featureList):
self.featureList = featureList
self._findLineIntersections() # where lines cross
self._findEndpointIntersections() # where endpoints meet at vertices
return
def _getVertices(self, geom, points):
""" Given a shapely geometry (line or multi)
Return a list of the points in that object """
if geom.type == "MultiLineString":
for line in geom.geoms:
self._getVertices(line, points)
else:
for p in geom.coords:
points.append(shapely.geometry.Point(p))
return
def _adjustName(self, name):
""" Adjust the fename according to trim flag. """
if self.trim_predirectionals:
mo = self.re_predir.search(name)
if mo:
return mo.group(2)
return name
def _proximate(self, keytuple, pt):
""" Return True if the named pt is close to an existing intersection with the same name. """
for (ex_pt, ex_keytuple, ex_fename1, ex_fename2, modifier, rating) in self.IntersectionList:
if keytuple == ex_keytuple:
# Has same name, is it nearby?
buffered = pt.buffer(self.BufferDistance)
if ex_pt.within(buffered):
if verbose:
print "Nearby + same name = ignored '%s x %s'" % keytuple
return True
return False
def _add_intersection(self, pt, keytuple, fename1, fename2, rating):
""" Given geometry for a point, condensed name pair, full name pair, and rating,
check to see if this is already in our list of intersections
if not, then add it. """
# Don't add if it already exists
# 1ST x MAIN
if (keytuple in self._d_modifier):
if self._proximate(keytuple, pt): return;
swapped = (keytuple[1], keytuple[0]) # MAIN x 1ST
if (swapped in self._d_modifier):
if self._proximate(swapped, pt): return;
#print "Swapping names to remove duplication"
t = fename1
fename1 = fename2
fename2 = t
keytuple = swapped
# Is there already an intersection with this name?
if self._d_modifier.has_key(keytuple):
modifier = self._d_modifier[keytuple]
self._d_modifier[keytuple] += 1
else:
self._d_modifier[keytuple] = 1
modifier = None
# This should be the only place we need to trim the 2 street names, just before storing them.
self.IntersectionList.append((pt, keytuple, self._adjustName(fename1), self._adjustName(fename2), modifier, rating))
return
#####
def _findLineIntersections(self):
print "Looking for line intersections"
i = test_count = hit_count = 0
for (condensedname, feature, shgeom) in self.featureList:
for (othercondensedname, otherfeature, othergeom) in self.featureList:
if progress and not i % 1000:
print i,
if not i % 10000: print
i += 1
test_count += 1
if condensedname == othercondensedname:
# no self intersections allowed
continue
if shgeom.intersects(othergeom) :
pt = shgeom.intersection(othergeom)
hit_count += 1
# two lines cross
rating = 2
# is there a vertex here?
# or is there a vertex NEAR here?
vertices = []
self._getVertices(othergeom, vertices)
buffered = shgeom.buffer(self.BufferDistance)
for vertex in vertices:
if shgeom.equals(vertex):
rating = 0 # vertex at line crossing
break
if vertex.within(buffered):
rating = 4 # line is near vertex
break;
fename1 = feature.GetField(self.input_fieldname)
fename2 = otherfeature.GetField(self.input_fieldname)
keytuple = (condensedname, othercondensedname)
self._add_intersection(pt, keytuple, fename1, fename2, rating)
if verbose: print "Hit! '%s x %s'" % keytuple
if progress: print
return hit_count
#####
def _findEndpointIntersections(self):
""" This should be run after generating line intersections.
It checks the endpoints of every line. If there is an intersection
there already, fine. Otherwise see if there is a line nearby and
if so, add it. And endpoint is near but not touching a line. """
print "Looking at endpoints.."
i = 0
for (condensedname, feature, geom) in self.featureList:
i += 1
#if progress: print "Checking endpoints for %s" % (condensedname)
fename1 = feature.GetField(self.input_fieldname)
endpoints = list(geom.boundary.geoms)
self._process_linestring_endpoint(condensedname, fename1, endpoints[0])
self._process_linestring_endpoint(condensedname, fename1, endpoints[1])
return
#####
def _process_linestring_endpoint(self, condensedname, fename1, endpoint) :
# If there is already an intersection here,
for (i_point, keytuple, ex_fename1, ex_fename2, modifier, rating) in self.IntersectionList:
if endpoint.equals(i_point):
# We're good already. Not an error
# if verbose: print "Endpoint already matched '%s'" % hashkey
return
# else
# is there a line nearby?
buffered = endpoint.buffer(self.BufferDistance)
test_count = hit_count = 0
for (othercondensedname, otherfeature, othergeom) in self.featureList:
test_count += 1
if condensedname == othercondensedname:
# no self intersection allowed
pass
# Are we touching
elif endpoint.intersects(othergeom) :
wkt = shapely.wkt.dumps(endpoint)
hit_count += 1
fename2 = otherfeature.GetField(self.input_fieldname)
rating = 3 # endpoint actually touches a line
keytuple = (condensedname, othercondensedname)
self._add_intersection(endpoint, keytuple, fename1, fename2, rating)
if verbose: print "Endpoint touches line '%s x %s'" % keytuple
# Are we not quite touching
elif buffered.intersects(othergeom) :
wkt = shapely.wkt.dumps(endpoint)
hit_count += 1
fename2 = otherfeature.GetField(self.input_fieldname)
rating = 5 # endpoint is near a line
keytuple = (condensedname, othercondensedname)
self._add_intersection(endpoint, keytuple, fename1, fename2, rating)
if verbose: print "Endpoint near line '%s x %s'" % keytuple
return hit_count
# end of class definition
3. Write intersection points to a feature class
This code can write to either a shapefile or a geodatabase. It looks at the string you pass in and decides. I use the ESRI concept of a "feature class" to make it easier to run this script from ESRI Model Builder.
- Shapefiles end in .shp for example "foo/bar/intersections.shp"
- Geodatabases have a layername at the end and a GDB in them, for example "goo/gump/features.gdb/intersections".
#####
def createOutputLayer(fcname, sref):
(ogr_ds, ogr_layer) = create_layer(fcname, sref)
# Add the attribute fields
fieldDefn = ogr.FieldDefn(fename1_fieldname, ogr.OFTString);
fieldDefn.SetWidth(40)
ogr_layer.CreateField(fieldDefn)
fieldDefn = ogr.FieldDefn(fename2_fieldname, ogr.OFTString);
fieldDefn.SetWidth(40)
ogr_layer.CreateField(fieldDefn)
fieldDefn = ogr.FieldDefn(modifier_fieldname, ogr.OFTString);
fieldDefn.SetWidth(40)
ogr_layer.CreateField(fieldDefn)
fieldDefn = ogr.FieldDefn(rating_fieldname, ogr.OFTInteger);
ogr_layer.CreateField(fieldDefn)
return (ogr_ds, ogr_layer)
def create_layer(fcname, sref):
""" Create a layer for output """
(ds_name, layer_name) = fc_to_ogrname(fcname)
if isshapefilename(fcname):
driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile")
if os.path.exists(ds_name):
driver.DeleteDataSource(ds_name)
ogr_ds = driver.CreateDataSource(ds_name)
else:
driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("FileGDB")
if os.path.exists(ds_name):
ogr_ds = driver.Open(ds_name)
rval = ogr_ds.DeleteLayer(layer_name)
else:
ogr_ds = driver.CreateDataSource(ds_name)
if ogr_ds is None:
print "Create layer '%s' failed" % ds_name
return (None, None)
ogr_layer = ogr_ds.CreateLayer(layer_name, sref, ogr.wkbPoint)
fieldDefn = ogr.FieldDefn(ID_FIELDNAME, ogr.OFTInteger)
ogr_layer.CreateField(fieldDefn)
return (ogr_ds, ogr_layer)
def saveIntersections(ogr_layer, intersectionList):
global fename1_fieldname, fename2_fieldname, modifier_fieldname
featureDefn = ogr_layer.GetLayerDefn()
not_a_point = 0
fid = 0
for (p, keytuple, fename1, fename2, modifier, rating) in intersectionList:
if p.type == "Point":
wkt = shapely.wkt.dumps(p)
feature = ogr.Feature(featureDefn)
feature.SetGeometry(ogr.CreateGeometryFromWkt(wkt))
fid += 1
feature.SetField("id", fid);
feature.SetField(fename1_fieldname, fename1)
feature.SetField(fename2_fieldname, fename2)
feature.SetField(rating_fieldname, rating)
feature.SetField(modifier_fieldname, modifier)
ogr_layer.CreateFeature(feature)
# Now create a second feature with the streetnames reversed.
fid += 1
feature.SetField("id", fid);
feature.SetField(fename1_fieldname, fename2)
feature.SetField(fename2_fieldname, fename1)
feature.SetField(modifier_fieldname, modifier)
ogr_layer.CreateFeature(feature)
feature.Destroy()
else:
not_a_point += 1
return fid
